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Goliath (Bible)
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For other uses of "Goliath",
see
Goliath (disambiguation).
David faces Goliath in single infobat.
Goliath (גָּלְיָת
"Passage; revolution",
Standard Hebrew Golyat,
Tiberian Hebrew Golyāṯ)
is a
Philistine warrior mentioned in the
Hebrew Bible and a descendant of
Rapha. He is famous for his
battle with the
Jewish King
David (in the
11th century BC) He hailed from
Gath, one of five ancient city states in Philistia.
Account in the Hebrew Bible
According to the
First Book of Samuel in the
Hebrew Bible, the Philistine army marched into southern
Israel to make war on the
Israelites, but instead of immediately engaging in battle, went into
camp in the Valley of Elah. The Israelites under
King Saul made camp nearby. Goliath, who is described as a "champion"
in the Biblical text, positioned himself between the two armies and
challenged the Israelites to send out a warrior to challenge him. If
that man won, the Philistines would beinfoe the subjects of Saul's army.
If Goliath won, the converse would occur. For forty days, in both the
morning and evening, Goliath issued his challenge. However, no man came
forward to accept it.
David, who was born approximately 1530 B.C., was the youngest of the
eight sons of the Bethlehemite
Jesse. When delivering roasted grain and bread to his brothers on
the battlefield, David heard Goliath's haughty challenge and burned with
anger. The youth came before Saul and offered to fight the giant, who
stood six cubits and a span (three meters, or 9 feet 5.7 inches to be
exact). More modern biblical translations estimate that in fact he stood
at four cubits and a span, or six-foot-six.
[1] Though initially skeptical of David's capacity to defeat
Goliath, Saul was persuaded to allow the match after the young
Bethlehemite detailed his previous victorious encounters with a bear and
a lion. David rejected the king's offer of armor and a sword and went
out to fight Goliath with a staff and five smooth stones he had taken
from a nearby stream.
The young Hebrew David hoists the severed head of the
Philistine Goliath.
Goliath mocked the young Hebrew for infoing against
him with "sticks," cursed him by the names of the
Philistine gods, then closed in to attack. However,
David drew a stone from his bag and used his
sling to send it flying into the giant's head. When Goliath fell to
the ground, David drew the Philistine's sword from his scabbard and
killed him by decapitation. When the
Philistines saw their champion was dead, they ran from the field,
and the Israelite army pursued them out of
Judah.
Textual conflicts
David may not have been the one to kill Goliath.
Elhanan, the son of Jaare-oregim the Bethlehemite, is given credit
for killing Goliath in 2 Sam 21:19. The
KJV adds the phrase "the brother of" before Goliath's name in order
to avoid contradicting the story of David's victory.
The KJV insertion is justified by the parallel
account of Elhanan's deed at 1 Chron 20:5b, which states that "Elhanan
the son of Jair slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath." The word "Jair" here
is "Jaare-oregim" at 2 Sam 21:19b; "oregim" is Hebrew for "weavers,"
which also appears at the end of both verses. Also, "Lahmi" (Hebrew
"´eth-lach·mi´," where "´eth" simply means that Lahmi is the object of
the verb "slew") in the former beinfoes "behth hal·lach·mi´" (“Bethlehemite”)
in the latter. Hence many scholars view 2 Sam 21:19b to be the result of
two scribal errors, with 1 Chron 20:5b as the correct account.
David about to cut the head off Goliath, by
Michelangelo
However, other scholars argue that Elhanan may have
been the victor over Goliath, but that David was later credited with the
deed in order to enhance his reputation. It has been contended that,
because of David's introduction to Saul in 1 Samuel 16:19-23, Saul
should have known who David was in 1 Samuel 17:55-58 and would not need
to ask whose son David is, especially since
Jesse, David's father, is also mentioned in the earlier passage.
One response to this is to argue that the earlier
passage only implies that the servants of Saul knew that David was the
son of Jesse. There is no reason to believe Saul had to have known that
Jesse was David's father two years later in Chapter 17.
Another problem is that David is said to have brought
Goliath's head to Jerusalem (1 Sam 17:54), though Jerusalem belonged to
the
Jebusites at the time, which casts some doubt on this detail of the
story.
The following websites provide Biblical-literalist
accounts for the discrepancies.
http://www.carm.org/diff/1Sam17_50.htm
http://www.carm.org/diff/1Sam16_19.htm
http://www.tektonics.org/af/callahanproph.html#2sam
Extra-Biblical evidence
Unearthed shard of pottery bearing an inscription
consisting of two names "alwt" and "wlt", which are etymologically quite
similar to the name Goliath
Archaeologists digging at
Tell es-Safi in central Israel, the accepted location of the
biblical home of Goliath ("Gath
of the
Philistines") have unearthed a shard of pottery bearing an
inscription, written in
Proto-Semitic letters, consisting of two names "alwt" and "wlt"),
which are etymologically quite similar to the name Goliath, and most
probably are semitizised versions of an
Indo-European name (similar, for example to
Lydian
Alyattes). This find demonstrates that the biblical description of
the figure Goliath (and in particular, his name), fits in with the
cultural millieu that existed in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age
IIA (10th-9th centuries BC).
The shard dates back to around 950 BC, within 70
years of when biblical chronology asserts
David squared off against Goliath, making it the oldest Philistine
inscription ever found, the archaeologists said.
Scientists made the discovery at
Tell es-Safi, a dig site in southern Israel thought to be the
location of the Philistine city of
Gath.
Islam
Goliath is also mentioned in the
Qur'an under the
Arabic name جالوت
Ǧālūt
(see
Similarities between the Bible and the Qur'an).
Medical speculation
Some intriguing medical hypotheses have been made
concerning Goliath's size and general health. Given his grossly abnormal
height (believed to be 9ft 6 1/2 in (291 cm)), some have suggested that
he suffered from
acromegaly due to a
growth hormone-secreting
pituitary adenoma. Given the pituitary's position adjacent to the
optic chiasm, pituitary masses also tend to impinge on the decussating
fibers delivering images from both peripheral visual fields. This causes
bitemporal hemianopsia. Some have suggested that this may have
allowed David to sneak up on Goliath and deliver a fatal sling shot to
the Philistine.
Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli, in
The Prince, states that we should learn this lesson from David
and fight with our own weapons, using our own strengths, and not try to
borrow or hire those of others.
Idiomatic use
"David and Goliath" is now a proverbial expression of
a small force defeating a larger one.
Goliath is the nickname for a fossilied individual of
the species
Homo heidelbergensis. The story of David and Goliath is allegory
for the ascent of
Homo sapiens and our displacement of other early human species.
See also
Gog and Magog.
See also
-
The Medieval poets, the
Goliards, may have taken their name from a Bishop Golias, a
medieval version of Goliath.
External links
References
God
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_%28Bible%29"
Categories:
Tanakh people |
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